Firm Size and Regional Linkages. A Typology of Manufacturing Establishments in Southern Spain

Regions with different levels of development are characterized by different enterprise compositions according to firm size and regional productive linkages. Using these two variables and two additional ones -the technological level and the position in the value chain-, the composition of the industrial sector in any region can be studied. In this respect, a new theoretical enterprise typology is proposed in this paper as a powerful analytical tool. Furthermore, an empirical work is carried out using a data set from the survey done to estimate the regional input-output table of Andalusia, a backward region in southern Spain. Thus, the theoretical enterprise typology is applied to the industry in Andalusia, so that some strengths and weaknesses of the regional economy are identified

El “pecado social” de la sociología: una reflexión crítica desde la axiología sistémica

¿Cómo es posible que la ciencia social, y en particular la Sociología, no tenga en cuenta precisamente los motivos por los cuales los individuos se agrupan en sociedades o asociaciones? ¿Cómo es posible que olvide que las organizaciones sociales no deben ni pueden producir sino los valores que persiguen los individuos? ¿Cómo es posible que no se contabilicen y midan los niveles a los cuales dichos valores son producidos para poder fundamentar con precisión cualquier crítica? ¿Cómo puede, además, ignorarse la dimensión ética de este olvido y no se contemple lo que el sistema hace desde la perspectiva del pueblo, puesto que el pueblo paga? Y sobre todo, ¿cómo es posible que se abandone la perspectiva más genuinamente sociológica, la cual consiste precisamente en ponerse en el lugar del “hombre de la calle” para juzgar desde esa posición lo que el sistema hace? ¿Pero acaso no sabemos que lo que persiguen todas las personas es tener una vida mejor, y eso en cualquier tipo de sociedad, grande o pequeña, primitiva o moderna? ¿Y no sabemos que esta “vida mejor” como unidad de análisis se traduce en un “sistemas de valores integrado” (niveles compatibles de salud, bienestar, seguridad, equidad, libertad, ambiente no contaminado, prestigio social, etc.), y que por esto y solo por esto se asocian y colaboran? ¿Por qué causas entonces no se tienen en cuenta, se registran, se miden y se comparan, sistemática y rutinariamente, los “sistemas de valores” producidos por cualquier tipo de sociedad –su razón de ser-, desde la familia al estado-nación? ¿Cómo es posible que ninguna ciencia social -y en especial la Sociología- se ocupe de calibrar el sistema de valores que produce la sociedad para el bien general de los individuos que la componen? Estas son las cuestiones que plantea el artículo.How can Social Science, and particularly Sociology, disregard the very reasons why people live together in societies or associations? How can it forget that social organisations must not and cannot produce anything but the values people pursue? How not to account for or measure the levels achieved for these values and use the results to substantiate accurately any kind of criticism? Or how can the ethical dimension of such an oversight be forgotten and show no consideration for what the system does for the people since, after all, it is the people who pay. Above all, how can one abandon the most genuinely sociological perspective, which consists precisely in seeing what the system does through the eyes of “the man in the street? Do we by chance not know that what every person wants in whatever society, be it large or small, primitive or advanced, is “a better life”? And, do we not know that the unit of analysis for achieving this purpose is “an integrated system of values” (compatible levels of health, wellbeing, security, equity freedom, an unpolluted environment, social prestige, etc.) and that it is for this and only this reason that people associate and cooperate? So why are the “value systems” produced by any kind of society, the reasons which justify their existence, from the family to the Nation-State, not taken into account, recorded, measured and compared systematically and routinely? How is it that no social science- and less so Sociology- gauges the “values system” achieved by society for the general benefit of the individuals which comprise it? These are the question addressed in this paper

O proxecto de educación ambiental "Climántica"

[Resumo] Climántica é un proxecto de educación ambiental que trata todas as problemáticas ambientais relacionándoas co cambio climático. Representa un dos catro piares sobre os que se asenta o Plano Galego de Acción contra o Cambio Climático (véxase a figura 1), sendo os outros tres a mitigación, a investigación e a adaptación. Parte da publicación de oito libros con estrutura de unidade didáctica, dos que o primeiro trata dun xeito xeral o tema do cambio climático. Os outros sete tratan a enerxía, os residuos, o ciclo da auga, a biodiversidade, o territorio, o medio rural e o medio urbano. Estas unidades didácticas globais alimentan todo o proxecto e sobre o seu contido elabóranse bandas deseñadas, revistas, documentais e cursos multimedia para a autoaprendizaxe na web www.climantica.org. Todo isto, alóxase na web xunto con novas de educación ambiental e cos contidos que xorden da aplicación do proxecto nos centros. Este proxecto vai dirixido á cidadanía en xeral a través da web, onde á parte de dispoñer de todos os contidos educativos, tamén se ofrece a oportunidade de preguntar, opinar e debater a través dun blog. Mais o punto de arranque está no ensino secundario, porque os autores son docentes dese nivel, que ademais resulta unha etapa chave para comezar o estudo científico rigoroso dunha problemática tan global, complexa e interdisciplinar. De momento, ao ensino primario achégase mediante a fantasía infantil a través de bandas deseñadas, curtos de animación e videoxogos educativos. Tamén se está abrindo a vía do ensino universitario a que se agarda chegar o próximo curso.[Abstract] Climántica is an environmental education project that approaches all environmental problems in relation to climate change. It represents one of the four pillars on which the Galician Action Plan against Climate Change (Plano Galego de Acción contra o Cambio Climático) is based (see figure 1). The remaining three pillars are mitigation, research and adaptation. It started with the publication of eight books structured as teaching units, the first of which deals generally with the issue of climate change. The other seven books cover energy, waste, the water cycle, biodiversity, the territory, the rural environment and the urban environment. These general teaching units fuel the entire project, and their contents are the bases for comic strips, magazines, documentaries, and multimedia resources for autonomous learning through the website, www.climantica. org. All of this is available on the web, together with environmental education news and with the contents that arise from the implementation of the project in schools. This project is aimed at the general public through the website, where besides having access to all educational contents, visitors also have the opportunity to ask questions, give their opinions and participate in discussions through a blog. However, the starting point is secondary education, since the authors teach at this level and consider it a key stage to begin a thorough scientific study of such a global, complex and interdisciplinary issue. For the time being, the approach in primary education is to appeal to children’s imagination through comic strips, animated short films and educational video games. University education is another area, which will be targeted in the coming academic year

Addressing the 5G cell switch-off problem with a multi-objective cellular genetic algorithm

© 20xx IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.The power consumption foreseen for 5G networks is expected to be substantially greater than that of 4G systems, mainly because of the ultra-dense deployments required to meet the upcoming traffic demands. This paper deals with a multi- objective formulation of the Cell Switch-Off (CSO) problem, a well-known and effective approach to save energy in such dense scenarios, which is addressed with an accurate, yet rather unknown multi-objective metaheuristic called MOCell (multi- objective cellular genetic algorithm). It has been evaluated over a different set of networks of increasing densification levels. The results have shown that MOCell is able to reach major energy savings when compared to a widely used multi-objective algorithm.TIN2016-75097-P Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Hacia una teoría axiológica de la sociedad : hipótesis para un esbozo

Desde las sociedades globales a las organizaciones minúsculas, los sistemas sociales se componen de seres humanos. El reconocimiento de este hecho tienen implicaciones epistemológicas importantes, puesto que, al contrario de algunas formulaciones teóricas (por ejemplo, la de la «sociedad sin hombres» de N. Luhmann), que sólo contempla a los seres humanos como elementos cruciales de cualquier tipo de sociedad, es posible percibir sus necesidades y, en consecuencia, los valores que supuestamente les satifacen. El binomio «necesidad/valor» deviene la primera materia esencial del análisis sociológico. Tanto necesidades como factor de motivación, como valores como factor de satisfacción, pueden ser operacionalizados y cuantificados para detectar los resultados principales de organizaciones sociales complejas, su desviación de estandares predeterminados y su adaptación al ambiente.Acknowledgement of this fact has important epistemological implications, since, contrary to some theoretical formulations (e.g., the «society without men» of N. Luhmann), only by regarding human beings as the crucial element of any type of society it is possible to perceive their needs and therefore the values supposedly intended to satisfy them. The «need / value» binomial thereby becomes the essential prime material of sociological analysis. Both NEEDS as a factor of motivation and VALUES as a factor of satisfaction can be operationalized and quantified to depict the principal achievements of complex social organizations, their deviation from predetermined standards and the extent to which they ultimately adapt to the environment. Standardized and therefore comparable axiological profiles comprise a tool that can be generally applied to establish a preliminary measure of the degree of overall organizational efficiency. The concept of organization is taken here in its broader sense and is applicable to any type of society organized so as to achieve certain goals

Wearable Fall Detector Using Recurrent Neural Networks

Falls have become a relevant public health issue due to their high prevalence and negative effects in elderly people. Wearable fall detector devices allow the implementation of continuous and ubiquitous monitoring systems. The effectiveness for analyzing temporal signals with low energy consumption is one of the most relevant characteristics of these devices. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have demonstrated a great accuracy in some problems that require analyzing sequential inputs. However, getting appropriate response times in low power microcontrollers remains a difficult task due to their limited hardware resources. This work shows a feasibility study about using RNN-based deep learning models to detect both falls and falls’ risks in real time using accelerometer signals. The effectiveness of four different architectures was analyzed using the SisFall dataset at different frequencies. The resulting models were integrated into two different embedded systems to analyze the execution times and changes in the model effectiveness. Finally, a study of power consumption was carried out. A sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 96.4% was obtained. The simplest models reached inference times lower than 34 ms, which implies the capability to detect fall events in real-time with high energy efficiency. This suggests that RNN models provide an effective method that can be implemented in low power microcontrollers for the creation of autonomous wearable fall detection systems in real-time